Allen, James L. Claude McKay. Photograph. Wikipedia. Accessed November 6, 2019. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mackey.jpg.
Used for image.
Billings, Hammatt. The Liberator. 1850. Accessed December 10, 2019. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1850_Liberator_HammattBillings_design.png.
Used for image.
CCCP. Flag of the Soviet Union. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. August 15, 1980. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.
Used for image.
"Claude McKay Reads Aloud His Poems." Audio file, 03:12. YouTube. Posted by The Post Archive, September 3, 2016. Accessed November 4, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_xpilVoWuo.
This is an audio recording of Claude McKay reciting his poem "If We Must Die". This was helpful because poetry is not only meant to be read but to be heard. I will put this in my website.
Grigory Zinoviev, Nikolai Bukharin and Claude McKay in 1923. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons. Accessed December 11, 2019. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grigory_Zinoviev,_Nikolai_Bukharin_and_Claude_McKay_in_1923.jpg.
Used for image.
Johnson, Thomas A. "Renaissance in Black Poetry Expresses Anger." The New York Times (New York, New York, United States of America), April 25, 1969. https://search.proquest.com/news/docview/118680822/2800024866F24ACFPQ/2?accountid=9500.
Newspaper about the art form of poetry and it's effects on black culture. This source is extremely important for understanding why poetry was so important and how it helped black people express anger and frustration. I also use the headline from this newspaper article in my website.
McKay, Claude. "America by Claude McKay." Poetry Foundation. Accessed November 12, 2019. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44691/america-56d223e1ac025.
'America' is one of McKay's famous poems about the bitterness of the american dream. It is written in a very classic language style and I will mention it in my final project.
———. "December, 1919." Poetry Foundation. Accessed November 2, 2019. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/47381/december-1919.
Claude McKay's poem "December, 1919" is about the death of his mother. I thought this was relevant because the death of his mother contributed to his life story.
———. "'Harlem Shadows' by Claude McKay." Issues and Controversies in American History. https://icah.infobaselearning.com/pdocument.aspx?ID=109690&sr=1.
This poem is McKay's second most famous poem behind "If We Must Die". It expresses McKay's sadness regarding life in America as a black person. This poem was very relatable for lots of black people and became famous very quickly. The poem has a very deep and disheartening meaning as it talks about young black girls wandering the streets of Harlem.
———. "'If We Must Die' by Claude McKay." Issues and Controversies in American History. https://icah.infobaselearning.com/pdocument.aspx?ID=109648&sr=1.
"If We Must Die" was McKay's most valued and famous poem. It served as a call-to-action and inspired black people everywhere to fight back against hate crimes and racial violence. It is still extremely relevant today. I am going to analyze this poem under my webpage called "McKay's most famous works".
———. "Joy in the Woods." Poetry Foundation. Accessed November 2, 2019. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/52982/joy-in-the-woods.
This poem from McKay shows his traditional and classic tone of poetry. I used this source to learn about his style of poetry but I will not use this in my final project.
———. "The Lynching." Poetry Foundation. Accessed November 3, 2019. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/56983/the-lynching.
This eerie and sorrow filled poem is about the lynching of African Americans. McKay also used this as a call-to-action, something to stir anger and help black people take a stand.
National History Day. Breaking Barriers in History. Photograph. NHD Website. Accessed December 14, 2019. https://www.nhd.org/node/14063.
Used for image in my navigation bar.
National Urban League. "Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life." Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life, April 1933. https://dp.la/item/049f8eb5736f8f498a160cb80faebca8?q=harlem%20renaissance&type=%22text%22&page=1&subject=%22African-American%22.
I ended up not needing anything from this source. I created this card when I was exploring topics.
Ottley, Roi. "Claude McKay's Picture of Harlem." The New York Times (New York, NY, NY, United States of America), November 24, 1940. https://search.proquest.com/docview/105423260?accountid=9500.
This is good background information about why the HR was needed. The renaissance created a sense of belonging and community for black people in New York.
Portrait of McKay in 1920. Photograph. Wikipedia. January 1, 1925. Accessed February 3, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_McKay#/media/File:Claude_McKay_1920.jpg.
Source used for image.
Time. "See Striking Photos of Harlem Street Life in the 1930s." Time. Accessed December 5, 2019. https://time.com/tag/harlem/.
Source used for image. Photography credits to Hansel Mieth.
Bodenner, Chris. "Harlem Renaissance the Blossoming of African American Culture in the 1920s." Last modified July 19, 2006. https://icah.infobaselearning.com/icahfullarticle.aspx?ID=107275.
This is a very detailed article about the HR and the political climate at the time. Very important for my historical significance page.
Brown, Nikki L. M. "Jim Crow." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/256060?terms=jim+crow&sTypeId=2.
Good background information about Jim Crow laws and how the led to the great migration (also led to even more racial tension).
Burns, Kate, ed. "Gay and Lesbian Artists during the Harlem Renaissance." Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints. Last modified January 1, 2005. https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Viewpoints&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CEJ3010359205&docType=Viewpoint+essay&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAY-MOD1&prodId=OVIC&contentSet=GALE%7CEJ3010359205&searchId=R4&userGroupName=nicolet_hsl&inPS=true.
Information about McKay's sexuality as a bisexual. I should mention this in my project because it had an impact on his perspective as a poet.
Edsforth, Ronald. "Great Depression." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/252752?terms=great+depression&sTypeId=2.
Good information about the great depression and economic state of the U.S. before and during the HR. I need this for my historical significance page.
Encyclopedia Britannica. "Richard Powell On the Harlem Renaissance." Audio file, 01:19. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed November 10, 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Claude-McKay.
Richard Powell shares his ideas about McKay. If I have storage left I will include this in my project.
Fogarty, Richard. "World War 1." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. https://americangovernment.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/201093?terms=world+war+one&sTypeId=2.
This source is important for historical significance because it talks about the political climate regarding WW1 which happened right before the HR and actually inspired the great migration.
Forché, Carolyn. "A Poet and Ex-Con Writes About Life After Prison: Poetry." New York Times (New York City, New York, United States of America), October 15, 2019. https://search.proquest.com/news/docview/2305426868/fulltext/1FD5911A6C234E2CPQ/1?accountid=9500.
This is a source about how Claude McKay (and others) inspired the falsely convicted Reginald Dwayne Betts, to write poetry while in prison and after he was released. I may use this as evidence for my claim.
Gale in Context: global issues. "Dorothy West." Gale In Context: Global Issues. Last modified August 3, 2007. https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Biographies&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CK1631008967&docType=Biography&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZGIR-MOD1&prodId=GIC&contentSet=GALE%7CK1631008967&searchId=R2&userGroupName=nicolet_hsl&inPS=true.
I no longer need this source as it was an idea I had for NHD but I decided to research Claude McKay.
"Harlem Renaissance." Not Sure. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/1187238?terms=Art&sTypeId=2.
This source is important because it gives a really concise overview of the HR and has necessary basic information. I will view this when writing my background page. I use the image included in this article on my background page.
Meltzer, Milton. "Langston Hughes." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/247091?terms=harlem+renaissance+and+poetry&sTypeId=2.
I used this source to learn about Langston Hughes because he was someone famous who was inspired by McKay. I will use this when writing about McKay's effects on other authors.
The New York Public Library, ed. "Claude McKay Letters and Manuscripts." The New York Public Library - Archives and Manuscripts. Accessed November 4, 2019. http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20737.
I used this source to confirm facts about McKay's early life. He was born in 1889 in Clarendon Hills, Jamaica and grew up there until he moved to the United States in 1912. The racism he experienced from an early age impacted his adult life and career greatly.
New York Times. "New Novel of Harlem Renaissance Is Found." New York Times (New York, New York, United States of America), September 14, 2012. https://search.proquest.com/news/docview/2215710505/76C4DAB7DD654028PQ/2?accountid=9500.
Historians have found a lost novel from McKay that was never published. The novel is praised by many historians and professors, as they believe that it proves the Harlem Renaissance to have thrived many years.
Noel, Peter. "If I Must Die: The Last Will of Minister Khallid Abdul Muhammad." Village Voice, February 21, 2001. https://explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2266306426?searchid=1573511266&accountid=9500.
Member of the Black Panthers Khallid Abdul Muhammad recited 'If We Must Die' by Claude McKay before many of his meetings. He used this poem as a way to remind his followers to fight back against racism and remember the goal of the Civil Rights Movement. This article is very important and proves that 'If We Must Die" continues to be relevant and necessary today.
O'Donnell, Pat. "New Deal." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/262187?terms=new+deal&sTypeId=2.
I used this article as background information about FDR and his program New Deal. This new plan set created by FDR helped the U.S. out of the Great Depression.
Oleynick, Griffin. "Prophet of Harlem: The Conversion of Claude McKay." Commonweal, july 7, 2017. https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=Magazines&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=MultiTab&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CA498802817&docType=Article&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=ZXAY-MOD1&prodId=OVIC&contentSet=GALE%7CA498802817&searchId=R2&userGroupName=nicolet_hsl&inPS=true.
Claude McKay converted to the Catholic religion in his late life after realizing his spirituality. This shaped his later books and effected their themes greatly however, I chose to focus on his poetry and 'If We Must Die'.
The Poetry Foundation. "Claude McKay." Poetry Foundation. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/claude-mckay.
I used this source for the bulk of my research on his early life. McKay was born in 1889 in Jamaica and experienced lots of racism there. He moved to the United States in 1912 to find a new place to live and work on his writing.
The Room 241 Team. "Harlem Renaissance Poets for Your Reading List." A Blog by Concordia University-Portland. Last modified November 8, 2017. Accessed October 26, 2019. https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/classroom-resources/harlem-renaissance-poets-for-your-reading-list/.
I used this source to decide which Harlem Renaissance poet to research. Previously I had found 'If We Must Die' and new I wanted to learn about it but with the help of this source I officially decided to research McKay. The source also gives more information about other famous poems that I researched for more context.
Rubin, Merle. "A troubadour for turbulent times; Complete Poems Claude McKay Edited and with an introduction by William J. Maxwell." Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, California, United States of America), August 29, 2004. https://search.proquest.com/news/docview/421931668/fulltext/F6FDB79ED8644212PQ/1?accountid=9500#.
From this source I learned about the dialect and classic language style that McKay used in his poems. He used a stereotypical "white writing style" when lots of people were finding modern poetry styles. He was praised for staying with a classical language style and broke barriers when he decided to not conform to white peoples demands of writing style.
Saakana, Amon Saba. "Claude McKay." ABC-CLIO eBook Collection. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1302184?terms=claude+mckay&sTypeId=2.
This article focuses on McKay's interest in British imperialism. Lots of his novels are focused on the persecution of Jamaican people by the British. I found it interesting that McKay focused on this topic as not many people did.
US House of Representitives Archives. "Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Coinciding Sessions of Congress." History, Art, and Archives. Accessed October 27, 2019. https://history.house.gov/Institution/Presidents-Coinciding/Presidents-Coinciding/.
I used this to remember which presidents served during the Harlem Renaissance.
Vorwerck, Molly. "'If We Must Die': 100 Years after Red Summer, Claude McKay's Poem Resonates Anew." USA Today, April 10, 2019. https://search.proquest.com/news/docview/2206865108/A03D6CE0A01648CAPQ/2?accountid=9500.
Claude McKay's poem 'If We Must Die' continues to inspire, fuel and capture the essence of many Civil Rights movements today. Its message conveys similar ones to the Black Lives Matter movement which has been particularly important in today's political climate.
Why Harlem? Narrated by ABC Clio. https://americanhistory.abc-clio.com/Topics/Display/1187238?sid=1878343&cid=140&subId=20&useConcept=False.
Harlem, New York was a very good location for black people moving in the Great Migration because it had lots rooms in tenements, it was central and in a busy city, there were lots of jobs available, it had popular night life and arts.
Wilson, Jennifer. "When the Harlem Renaissance Went to Communist Moscow." New York Times (New York City, New York, United States of America), August 21, 2017. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/21/opinion/when-the-harlem-renaissance-went-to-communist-moscow.html.
I used this article for direct quotations about McKay's journey with communism.
Zax, Talya. "A Book So Far Ahead of Its Time, It Took 87 Years to Find a Publisher." New York Times (New York City, New York, United States of America), February 5, 2020. Accessed February 6, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/books/claude-mckay-romance-marseille-harlem-renaissance.html?searchResultPosition=1.
I used this source for direct quotations about McKay's independence from the rest of his peers involved in the Harlem Renaissance.